TOPIC · Sentence structure & conjunctions
Distinguishing ohne, ohne...dass and ohne...zu in German
After this lesson you can reliably distinguish **ohne**, **ohne dass** and **ohne zu** and use them correctly in your own German sentences.
In this lesson you learn how to use ohne, ohne dass and ohne zu correctly in German and how to tell them apart in a sentence.
1ohne as a preposition + Akkusativ
ohne is a preposition and always takes the Akkusativ (accusative case). It expresses that something is missing or not used.
a) With nouns or pronouns
| Form | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ohne + Akkusativ | Ich kann nicht leben ohne meine Freunde. | I cannot live without my friends. |
| ohne + Akkusativ | Wir fahren ohne das Auto. | We are going without the car / not using the car. |
| ohne + Akkusativ (no article) | Er hat ohne Zeitdruck gearbeitet. | He worked without time pressure. |
b) Position in the sentence
Phrases with ohne can stand before or after the verb.
- Ich trinke Kaffee ohne Zucker. (the ohne-phrase follows the verb)
- Ohne Zucker trinke ich keinen Kaffee. (pre-field; then the verb must be in position 2)
2ohne dass – subclause with its own subject
ohne dass introduces a Nebensatz (subordinate clause) with the verb at the end. Usually the main clause and the Nebensatz have different subjects, or you want to state the subject explicitly.
Structure:
Main clause , ohne dass + subject + … + finite verb
| Example | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Er kam vorbei, ohne dass ich es gemerkt habe. | He came by and I didn’t notice it. |
| Sie hat das Unternehmen erfolgreich geleitet, ohne dass sie eine Ausbildung hatte. | She led the company successfully although she had no vocational training. |
| Er verließ das Haus, ohne dass jemand ihn sah. | He left the house and nobody saw him. |
Note: Grammatically the subject can be the same in both clauses, but if the subject is the same, German normally prefers ohne zu (see below).
3ohne zu – infinitive construction with same subject
ohne zu is used with the Infinitiv when the main clause and the infinitive have the same subject.
Structure:
Main clause , ohne zu + infinitive
| Example | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Ich gehe joggen, ohne müde zu werden. | I go jogging without getting tired. |
| Er hat das Haus verlassen, ohne die Tür zu schließen. | He left the house without closing the door. |
| Sie liest die E-Mails, ohne sie zu beantworten. | She reads the emails without answering them. |
4Comparison: ohne dass vs ohne zu
| Criterion | ohne dass | ohne zu |
|---|---|---|
| Form | Subordinate clause with finite verb at the end | Infinitive clause with zu + infinitive |
| Subject | often different from the subject of the main clause | same as the subject of the main clause |
| Example | Er öffnet das Fenster, ohne dass die Kinder frieren. | Er öffnet das Fenster, ohne zu frieren. |
5Typical mistakes to avoid
- Not: Ich gehe einkaufen, ohne dass zu bezahlen. → Ich gehe einkaufen, ohne zu bezahlen. (same subject → ohne zu)
- Not: Ohne dass Geld kaufe ich das nicht. → Ohne Geld kaufe ich das nicht. (here just the preposition ohne + Akkusativ)
After this lesson you can choose correctly between ohne as a preposition, ohne dass with a subordinate clause and ohne zu with an infinitive, and you can build your own correct examples.
Knowledge test
Distinguishing ohne, ohne...dass and ohne...zu in German
- 1.
Choose the correct sentence:

