TOPIC · Sentence structure & conjunctions

Distinguishing the structures um...zu and zu + infinitiv in German

A2B1

After this lesson, learners will be able to correctly distinguish between the uses of "um...zu" and "zu + infinitive."

In German, there are two common structures used to express intentions or purposes: "um...zu" and "zu + infinitive." Although they seem similar, they have different applications. In this lesson, we will explore the differences between these two structures to gain a clearer understanding of their usage.

1. zu + Infinitiv

The structure “zu + infinitive” is used in various contexts without implying a specific purpose. We often use this structure after certain verbs, adjectives, and nouns. Here are some examples:

ExampleTranslation
Ich habe vergessen, das Fenster zu schließen.I forgot to close the window.
Es ist wichtig, früh zu kommen.It is important to arrive early.
Sie hat Lust, einen Film zu schauen.She feels like watching a movie.

In these sentences, we express simple observations or feelings without a specific goal being stated.

Notes:

  • This structure cannot be used after certain verbs such as “möchten,” “müssen,” etc., where the infinitive is used without “zu.”
  • Examples include:
    • Ich kann schwimmen. (I can swim.)
    • Sie möchte nach Paris fahren. (She wants to go to Paris.)

2. um ... zu

In contrast, the structure “um...zu” is used to express a clear purpose or goal. It answers questions like “Wozu?” or “Wofür?” Here, the subject of the main clause and the subordinate clause must be the same:

ExampleTranslation
Ich lerne Deutsch, um in Deutschland zu studieren.I learn German to study in Germany.
Er spart Geld, um ein Auto zu kaufen.He saves money to buy a car.

In these examples, the goal is explicitly defined. You can see that the purpose of learning German is to obtain a higher education in Germany.

Important Note:

The structure “um...zu” can often omit the subject in the subordinate clause:

  • Um den Test zu bestehen, lerne ich die ganze Nacht. (To pass the test, I study all night.)

In summary, it’s essential to use “zu + Infinitiv” for general statements, while “um...zu” emphasizes specific goals.

Conclusion: To successfully differentiate between these two structures, it helps to focus on the intention of the statement.