TOPIC · Sentence structure & conjunctions
Distinguishing Hauptsatz and Nebensatz
After this lesson you can recognize, build, and combine Hauptsatz and Nebensatz in simple sentences with correct verb position and commas.
In this lesson you learn how to recognize a Hauptsatz (main clause) and a Nebensatz (subordinate clause) and how to build them correctly. This is essential for German word order and commas.
1What is a Hauptsatz?
A Hauptsatz can stand alone and is a complete statement. It has at least:
- a subject (Subjekt)
- a conjugated verb (Prädikat)
In a normal statement (Aussagesatz) the conjugated verb is usually in second position.
Typical word order in a Hauptsatz
Subjekt – Verb – (other parts)
| Structure | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Subjekt – Verb – rest | Ich gehe morgen ins Kino. | normal pattern |
| other element – Verb – S. | Morgen gehe ich ins Kino. | "Morgen" at the beginning, verb stays in position 2 |
| yes/no question | Gehst du heute ins Kino? | verb in position 1 |
| imperative | Komm bitte sofort her! | command, often without subject |
Examples of Hauptsätze
| Deutsch | Meaning (short) |
|---|---|
| Ich gehe morgen ins Kino. | complete sentence, can stand alone |
| Du musst deine Hausaufgaben machen. | obligation / strong request |
| Komme bitte sofort her! | imperative, direct instruction |
2What is a Nebensatz?
A Nebensatz cannot stand alone. It always needs a Hauptsatz. It gives extra information: reason, condition, time, content of a question, etc.
Typical features of Nebensätze:
- they often start with a subordinating conjunction: weil, dass, wenn, obwohl, während, bevor, nachdem, ob …
- the conjugated verb is at the end of the Nebensatz
Word order in a Nebensatz
Konjunktion – Subjekt – (other parts) – Verb
| Konjunktion | Beispiel-Nebensatz | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| weil | weil ich krank bin | reason (why?) |
| wenn | wenn es regnet | condition (under which condition?) |
| dass | dass du heute kommst | content (clause as object) |
| ob | ob er Zeit hat | indirect yes/no question |
Examples of Nebensätze
| Deutsch | Meaning (short) |
|---|---|
| weil ich krank bin | explains the reason |
| Er fragt, ob du mitkommen möchtest. | Nebensatz as object of "Er fragt" |
| Wenn du willst, können wir ins Restaurant gehen. | "Wenn du willst" = condition |
In the sentence Wenn du willst, können wir ins Restaurant gehen., Wenn du willst is the Nebensatz and können wir ins Restaurant gehen is the Hauptsatz.
3Combining Hauptsatz and Nebensatz
There are two common orders: Hauptsatz first or Nebensatz first.
a) Hauptsatz first, then Nebensatz
Hauptsatz: verb in 2nd position; Nebensatz: verb at the end.
| Deutsch | Meaning (short) |
|---|---|
| Ich bleibe zu Hause, weil ich krank bin. | reason: I am ill |
| Wir spielen drinnen, wenn es regnet. | condition: when it rains |
| Ich glaube, dass er heute nicht kommt. | content: what I believe |
b) Nebensatz first, then Hauptsatz
After the Nebensatz you put a comma. In the following Hauptsatz the verb is still in second position, but the whole Nebensatz counts as the first element.
| Deutsch | Meaning (short) |
|---|---|
| Wenn es regnet, spielen wir drinnen. | condition first |
| Weil ich krank bin, bleibe ich zu Hause. | the reason is at the beginning |
| Dass du heute nicht kommst, finde ich schade. | the content clause is at the beginning, verb still in 2nd position |
Key idea: In a Nebensatz, the conjugated verb is always at the end. In a Hauptsatz, the conjugated verb is (almost) always in position 2, no matter whether the Hauptsatz comes first or second.
Knowledge test
Distinguishing Hauptsatz and Nebensatz
- 1.
Er wird kommen means he will come.
- 2.
Aber er kann nicht lange bleiben means but he cannot stay for long.
- 3.
Weil es gestern geregnet hat means because it rained yesterday.

