Brottin

TOPIC · Articles & pronouns

Distinguishing types of pronouns in German

A1A2B1

After this lesson you can recognise the main types of German pronouns and use them correctly in simple sentences.

In this lesson you learn the main types of pronouns in German and how to use them in simple sentences.

Overview: What are pronouns?

Pronouns replace nouns or accompany them, and they change according to gender (Genus: maskulin, feminin, neutrum), number (Numerus: Singular, Plural) and case (Kasus: Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ, Genitiv).

Main groups for A1–B1:

  • Personalpronomen
  • Possessivpronomen
  • Reflexivpronomen
  • Demonstrativpronomen
  • Relativpronomen
  • Interrogativpronomen
  • Indefinitpronomen

Personalpronomen

Personalpronomen stand for specific people or things.

Forms in the Nominativ

PersonalpronomenFunctionExample sentenceMeaning
ich1st person singularIch bin müde.“I” – the speaker
du2nd person singular (informal)Du bist mein Freund.“you” – person addressed
er3rd person singular masculineEr spielt Fußball.“he” / a masculine noun
sie3rd person singular feminineSie liest ein Buch.“she” / a feminine noun
es3rd person singular neuterEs regnet.“it” – neuter / weather / situation
wir1st person pluralWir gehen ins Kino.“we”
ihr2nd person plural (informal)Ihr seid willkommen.“you” plural
sie3rd person pluralSie arbeiten hart.“they”
SiePolite formSie kommen aus Deutschland.formal “you” (singular/plural)

Possessivpronomen (possessive pronouns)

Possessivpronomen show possession or belonging. They agree with the noun they stand with.

Possessivpronomen (base form)NoteExampleMeaning
meinfor „ich“Das ist mein Auto.the car belongs to “me”
deinfor „du“Ist das dein Buch?the book belongs to “you” (sing.)
seinfor „er/es“Er liebt seine Familie.the family belongs to “him”
ihrfor „sie“ (sing.)Das ist ihre Katze.the cat belongs to “her”
unserfor „wir“Das ist unser Haus.the house belongs to “us”
euerfor „ihr“Ist das euer Lehrer?the teacher belongs to “you” (pl.)
ihrfor „sie“ (pl.)Das ist ihr Zimmer.the room belongs to “them”
Ihrfor „Sie“Ist das Ihr Platz?the seat belongs to the polite “you”

Note: In sentences these words take endings: „mein Auto“, „meine Tasche“, „meinen Freund“ etc.

Reflexivpronomen

Reflexivpronomen refer back to the subject; the action goes back to the same person.

Important forms in the Akkusativ:

PersonReflexivpronomenExampleMeaning
ichmichIch erinnere mich.subject and object are “I”
dudichDu siehst dich im Spiegel.“you” and “yourself” are the same
er/sie/essichEr freut sich.“he” and “himself” are the same
wirunsWir treffen uns um acht.“we” and “ourselves” are the same
ihreuchIhr beeilt euch.“you” plural and yourselves
sie/SiesichSie setzen sich.subject = “they/you (formal)”

Demonstrativpronomen

Demonstrativpronomen point to or emphasise something specific.

DemonstrativpronomenExampleMeaning
dieser, diese, diesesDieser Stuhl ist bequem.“this” – near, stressed
der, die, das (stressed)Ich nehme das.stressed “that/this one”
jener, jene, jenesJene Blumen sind schön.“that” (rather distant, formal)

Relativpronomen

Relativpronomen introduce a relative clause and refer to a noun.

RelativpronomenExampleMeaning
derDer Mann, der dort steht, ist mein Vater.refers to „Mann“
dieDie Frau, die singt, ist meine Schwester.refers to „Frau“
dasDas Buch, das auf dem Tisch liegt, ist neu.refers to „Buch“

Interrogativpronomen

Interrogativpronomen ask for persons or things.

InterrogativpronomenExampleMeaning
werWer hat das gemacht?asks for a person (“who”)
wasWas machst du?asks for a thing/action (“what”)

Indefinitpronomen

Indefinitpronomen talk about people or things in a general or indefinite way.

IndefinitpronomenExampleMeaning
jemandJemand hat an der Tür geklopft.someone
niemandNiemand weiß die Antwort.no one
etwasIch möchte etwas essen.something
nichtsIch verstehe nichts.nothing

Special use of „es“

„es“ can be a dummy subject:

  • Es regnet. (impersonal, weather)
  • Es ist wichtig, zu lernen. („es“ just fills the subject position)

summaryEn: After this lesson you can recognise the main types of German pronouns and use them correctly in simple sentences.