Brottin

TOPIC · Articles & pronouns

Relative pronouns and relative clauses in German

A2B1

After this lesson you can choose the correct German relative pronoun in Nominativ, Akkusativ and Dativ and build correct relative clauses with and without prepositions.

Relativsätze are used to add extra information about a noun without starting a new sentence. They are very common and important from level A2 onward.

Relative pronouns: forms

Relativpronomen refer back to a noun (the antecedent) and get their case from their function inside the Relativsatz.

Main relative pronoun forms

Casemasculinefeminineneuterplural
Nominativderdiedasdie
Akkusativdendiedasdie
Dativdemderdemdenen

These forms are almost the same as definite articles; the only special form is denen in the Dativ plural.

Examples

  • Das ist der Mann, der nebenan wohnt.
    (That is the man who lives next door.)
  • Ich suche die Tasche, die du gekauft hast.
    (I’m looking for the bag that you bought.)
  • Wo ist das Buch, das auf dem Tisch lag?
    (Where is the book that was lying on the table?)
  • Das sind die Freunde, die wir gestern getroffen haben.
    (Those are the friends (whom) we met yesterday.)

Structure of a Relativsatz

A Relativsatz:

  • begins with a Relativpronomen,
  • comes directly after its noun,
  • has the conjugated verb at the end of the clause.

Examples:

  • Das ist der Zug, der um 8 Uhr abfährt.
    (That is the train that leaves at 8 o’clock.)
  • Sie kauft einen Computer, der sehr teuer ist.
    (She buys a computer that is very expensive.)
  • Ich habe eine Lehrerin, die sehr geduldig ist.
    (I have a teacher who is very patient.)

The Relativsatz is always separated by a comma.

Deciding the case in the Relativsatz

The case is decided by the role of the Relativpronomen inside the Relativsatz, not in the main clause.

  • Nominativ: Relativpronomen is the subject.
    • Das ist der Junge, der im Park spielt.
      (That is the boy who plays in the park.)
  • Akkusativ: Relativpronomen is a direct object.
    • Das ist der Junge, den ich im Park sehe.
      (That is the boy (whom) I see in the park.)
  • Dativ: Relativpronomen is an indirect object.
    • Das ist der Junge, dem ich im Park helfe.
      (That is the boy (to whom) I help in the park.)

The article in the main clause and the Relativpronomen can have different cases.

Relativsätze with prepositions

When there is a preposition, it stands in front of the Relativpronomen.

  • Das ist der Mann, mit dem ich gesprochen habe.
    (That is the man (with whom) I spoke.)
  • Das ist die Stadt, in der ich studiere.
    (That is the city where I study.)
  • Das sind die Leute, auf die wir warten.
    (Those are the people we are waiting for.)

The preposition decides the case:

  • mit + Dativ → „mit dem“, „mit der“, „mit denen“
  • auf + Akkusativ → „auf den“, „auf die“

Typical mistakes and tips

  • Choose the Relativpronomen by case, not by a direct translation of “who/which/that”.
  • Put the finite verb at the end of the Relativsatz.
  • Always separate the Relativsatz with a comma.

Practice idea: join two sentences into one with a Relativsatz:

  • Das ist die Frau. Die Frau arbeitet im Café. → Das ist die Frau, die im Café arbeitet.
    (That is the woman who works in the café.)